This pond was kept from freezing over by a thermal spring (the days were oscillating between a minimum of -8 and a max of -2 when this photo was taken).   The quite mammoth Rose Garden in Madrid, attached to the very lengthy park that runs up from the palace. Astonishingly they didn't mulch their roses at all, and even in early June it looked like most were suffering, and a goodly number had gone on to rose heaven. If there was any risk at all from collar rot, I'd have understood - but a) it doesn't rain in Madrid through summer, b) they water through dribbler hoses that could stay under the mulch, and c) roses really don't care that much anyway about organic mulches up to their trunks.  1pm, and the sun's about as high as it's going to get - this one corner of the town pond is kept warm so the birds don't get frozen stuck. 
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